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Main
Two
Three
Extra Protocols: Routing
Routing as slideshow
MPLS Review
- DTR - Delay, Throughput, Reliability (IPp in ToS byte)
- EOS - End of Stack of labels
- MPLS' TTL
MPLS Review
- Label-Switched Paths
- Label Distribution Protocol
- the "MPLS cloud" looks like a single hop, a black box, to the outside network
MPLS
- separate forwarding and routing
- MPLS-TE, traffic engineering
- virtual circuits (VRF, virtual routing and forwarding)
OSPF
- interior routing protocol
- shortest path tree
- link state database
OSPF
- Wikipedia entry
- IP protocol 89 (Layer 4), packet header
- 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6
- backbone area
- designated router, backup designated router
OSPF
- OSPF Tutorial
- link state vs distance vector
- link state works better when link cost and bandwidth are unequal
OSPF
- OSPF supports CIDR and VLSM (variable length subnet masks)
- OSPF supports authentication and converges quickly
- all routers need a unique 32-bit ID (IPv4 address?)
- neighbors are determined by a HELLO packet, multicast with TTL of 1 sent every 10 seconds
- once neighbors are known, designated and backup routers elected, and then
- and then adjacencies formed
- adjacency states: down (initial, no HELLO), init, 2-way (all neighbors except DR and BDR), exchange (of DBD database descriptor packets), loading, full ...
- LSA, link state advertisements
- router, network, summary, external ...
Attach:http://www.ils.unc.edu/spaces/inls578/pix/INLS578glow.png Δ
Attach:http://www.ils.unc.edu/spaces/inls578/pix/INLS578.png Δ
Rollover needs wiki styles plus recipe.
| type | code | description | query/error |
| 0 | 0 | echo reply (ping) | query |
| 3 | 0 | network unreachable (destination unreachable type) | error |
| 3 | 1 | host unreachable | error |
| 3 | 2 | protocol unreachable | error |
| 3 | 3 | port unreachable | error |
| 3 | 4 | fragmentation needed but don't-fragment bit set | error |
